Winter worries: On Home Ministry guidelines to check spread of COVID-19
Targeted containment of COVID-19 can work, but there is no room for complacency
New Home Ministry guidelines to check further spread of COVID-19 during the winter months starting with December reflect the government’s concern that the gradually reviving economic activity should remain unaffected by ongoing containment measures. The Centre has mandated that States declare containment zones online, identifying them with micro targeting to minimise the impact. It has also prohibited any lockdowns at State and city levels without prior consultation with the Ministry. Such advice might appear redundant, coming as it does after a long unlock phase that permitted the relaxation of restrictions on almost all public activities, barring regular flights and trains, and the onus having shifted to the citizen to avoid getting infected. Several States with a perceived decline in new infections have opened up even more; in Tamil Nadu, for instance, final year in-person college classes and medical courses except for fresh entrants are set to reopen on December 7. This is a time to reiterate proven safety norms, considering that India has about 4.48 lakh active cases out of a total of 94.31 lakh cases recorded thus far, and where almost three-fourths of new infections are concentrated in eight States and Union Territories including Delhi. Encouraging results from vaccine trials and the likelihood of early emergency use authorisation have weakened voluntary caution, and citizens are yielding to pandemic fatigue. Health authorities must reinforce the message that low-cost interventions such as masks, good ventilation and distancing norms cannot be abandoned.
Evidence from the lockdown in India shows that the reproductive number for COVID-19, representing the number of fresh infections caused by an individual, was indeed reduced by the severe curbs, although the outcome varied by location. At the end of April, as the lockdown rigour eased, India had over 30,000 cases and 1,153 deaths in all. But seven months later, there were 39,806 infections and 433 deaths in a single day, November 29, underscoring the continuing challenge. The prime task before health administrators is to convince the average citizen that there is much to be gained through inexpensive lifestyle modification. A study of 131 countries published in The Lancet estimated the benefits of restricting group gatherings to 10 people, and how reducing physical attendance at workplaces could bring down the reproductive number by 38% in one month. Universal masking, with 95% compliance, is projected to reduce deaths dramatically, in another University of Washington study. Evidently, the entire economy stands to benefit from such painless interventions, while sparing doctors and frontline health workers of deadly risk. The Central government has rightly prioritised targeted containment, but it should standardise testing protocols across States, and not dilute the message of safe behaviour by labouring over the point of recoveries and low per-million fatalities.
gradually --धीरे - धीरे--slowly, By and By, easefully
containment--रोकथाम--Prevention
mandated --अनिवार्य--mandatory, compulsory, obligatory
prohibited--रोक किया हुआ-Withheld,suspended
prior-पूर्व--former, ex, prior
redundant-- अनावश्यक--
onus--भार--weights, burden, Cumber
getting--मिल रहा
perceived--माना जाता है--is believed
instance--उदाहरण--example, instance, illustration
reiterate-बार बार दुहराना--To say again and again
likelihood--संभावना--possibility, probability, likelihood
yielding--उपज, मान लेनेवाला, बात पर न अड़नेवाला,produce, yield, fruit
fatigue--थकान-- weariness, stress,tiredness
reinforce--सुदृढ बनाना, शक्ति बढ़ाना--Power boost
interventions --हस्तक्षेप--Interference
abandoned--छोड़ा हुआ--abdicated, excluded,leaved
varied--विभिन्न--various, different, varied
rigour-सख्ती==Callousness, daurness, harshness,strict
inexpensive-सस्ता--cheap, inexpensive, give-away
Evidently--जाहिर तौर पर,निस्संदेह--Obviously
sparing--कम--less, lower, short
across--भर में--Throughout
dilute--पतला-skinny, slender,delinquescent, gracile, lepto--thin
3 dec editorial
Choppy tidings: On higher GST inflows
The govt. must do more for sectors that are employment-intensive before the next Budget
Revenues from the GST crossed the ₹1-lakh crore mark for the second month in a row in November. The healthiest indirect tax collection streak since the national lockdown to combat COVID-19 in March, it is an encouraging sign for the economy that contracted less-than-expected in the second quarter. GST revenues in a month are a reflection of transactions from the previous month. The uptick in October’s GST collections can be partly explained by the speedier unlocking of the economy in September as public transport restrictions were lifted in most parts of India. Some compliance-related relaxations for GST-paying businesses also pushed up collections significantly. There is no such compliance caveat attached to November’s GST kitty — even though it is about ₹200 crore lower than the ₹1,05,155 crore from October. This suggests that the first month of the third quarter did see a genuine improvement in activity, whether it was driven by pent-up or festive demand, or a bit of both. This also ties in with other indicators from October, be it auto sales or the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for manufacturing, which hit a 12-year high that month. With Deepavali falling in November this year (it was in October last year), some festive spending effect may be expected to come through in December’s GST collections as well. The question is whether the improved demand trend will hold after the festival exuberance fades.
There are some early signs that the fervour and pace of economic activity already began to moderate in November. For instance, e-way bills generated by GST-covered entities fell nearly 14% to 55.3 million in November from 64.1 million in October, while the latest PMI indicates slower growth in orders and a further decline in employment as businesses are wary of the pandemic’s lingering uncertainties. While India’s infections have declined since September, some parts, including Delhi, Rajasthan and Gujarat, are seeing sharper spikes, prompting fresh travel curbs from there to the commercial capital Mumbai. In November, only Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu saw double-digit growth in GST collections among major States, while Delhi’s inflows fell 15% and Maharashtra’s by 6% year-on-year. Thus, economic activity that has resumed remains fragile while the recovery seen so far has been uneven across States, thanks to the virus’s unpredictable spread. The government has been conservative so far in its stimulus and support measures, despite which its fiscal math for 2020-21 will go awry. More direct and specific measures to help employment-intensive sectors, particularly those in distress such as travel and tourism or retail, are needed to ensure that further job losses today do not translate into tomorrow’s demand slump.
tidings--ख़बर--News
Choppy --तड़का हुआ--sprung,
inflows--अंतर्वाह
intensive--तीव्र,गहन--Intensive, abstruse, deep
streak--लकीर--Line
encouraging--उत्साहजनक
uptick--इजाफा--Increase
speedier--त्वरित--quick, accelerated, hasty
significantly--काफी--enough
caveat--चेतावनी-warning, alert
even though--भले ही--notwithstanding
pent-up--मन में दबा हुआ,नियंत्रित किया हुआ
fades--फीका करना
exuberance--अधिकता--plethora, plurality, overabundance
fervour--जोश-- passion, zeal, enthusiasm
pace--गति--speed, motion, pace
wary--सावधान--careful, wary, cautious
lingering--सुस्त--dull, lax, humdrum
prompting--उत्साह--enthusiasm, prompting, zeal
curbs--प्रतिबंध---ban, moratorium, limit
fragile--नाजुक=fragile, Delicate, critical
stimulus--प्रोत्साहन, उत्तेजना, प्रेरणा--Incentives
awry-टेढ़ा--serpentine, sloping, sinuous
distress--संकट--crisis, trouble, Danger
slump--मंदी--slump, depression, slowness
Trust deficit: On MSP and the need for a legal guarantee
Apart from the fresh amendments, the Centre must consider a legal guarantee for MSP
The Samyukta Kisan Morcha, a federation of around 500 farmer organisations, has resolved to intensify its agitation against three farm laws hurriedly enacted by the Centre. After dismissing the protests as ill-informed and motivated initially, the Centre has offered to make some changes to the laws, but the farmers have now called for a Bharat Bandh on December 8. Thousands of farmers camping on the outskirts of the national capital are sceptical of the government claim that these laws would make agriculture more lucrative and secure by allowing market forces to play. The fear that the new regime will dismantle the system of procurement under Minimum Support Price (MSP) and leave farmers at the mercy of corporations is real. Responding to concerns, the Centre has suggested safeguards to prevent land alienation via contract farming; strengthening the State-run mandi system and ensuring its equal footing with private buyers through equalising taxes; allowing grievance redress in civil courts rather than just in the offices of Sub-Divisional Magistrates; and ensuring proper verification of private traders. It has not, however, offered a legal guarantee of MSP and the question of power subsidies also remains contentious.
The Narendra Modi government has a declared policy of ensuring farm prices that are at least 50% more than the input costs. This has remained more an intent than reality, and the discussion has also been muddled by the government’s refusal to include rental value of the land in input costs. Agriculture has to remain environmentally sustainable and remunerative for farmers. Significant challenges have emerged with regard to these benchmarks, though India has ensured substantial food stock and a robust distribution mechanism that covers the entire country. There is a strong case for reworking the incentive structures and cropping pattern in order to account for changes in water availability and changing dietary requirements. The problems faced by farmers are by no means the same across India. But a sense of hostility from the state and market is now pervasive. Changes in land acquisition laws and the general thrust towards industrialisation together with the pressure on agriculture subsidies have increased the feeling of vulnerability of farmers in recent years. The abrupt changes in the sector brought in through the three laws have aggravated the trust deficit of the government. The combative attitude of the government and the Bharatiya Janata Party towards criticism worsened it further. Food security is considered a component of national security by all countries. The Union Agriculture Minister has said the government has no ego. The Centre must strive for reaching an agreement with the farmers that addresses their concerns.
deficit-
घाटाconsider--विचार करना, सोचना,
federation (noun) – organizations into a single group with centralized control.
resolve (verb) – determine, decide, make up one’s mind, conclude (a course of action firmly).
agitation (noun) – public protest.
Farm Acts, 2000 (noun) – Farm Acts, 2000 refer to three agricultural bills passed by Indian Parliament in September 2020. The three acts are “The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 (FPTC Act) allows farmers to sell their harvest outside the notified Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis without paying any State taxes or fees”, “the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 facilitates contract farming and direct marketing”, and “the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 deregulates the production, storage, movement and sale of several major foodstuffs, including cereals, pulses, edible oils and onion, except in the case of extraordinary circumstances”.
hurriedly (adverb) – quickly, hastily, rapidly.
dismiss (verb) – disregard, brush off, shrug off, pay no heed to, reject, deny.
ill-informed (adjective) – ignorant, unacquainted, unknowing, insensible, lacking knowledge.
camping--डेरा डालना
motivated (adjective) – provoked, triggered, induced, stirred up.
call for (phrasal verb) – require, request, publicly ask/necessitate, demand.
outskirts (plural noun) – surrounding/outlying areas, suburbs.सरहद
sceptical (adjective) – doubtful, distrustful, disappointed.उलझन में
lucrative (adjective) – remunerative, profitable, rewarding.लाभप्रद
regime (noun) – system, scheme.
dismantle (verb) – break up, demolish, destroy.विघटित,गिराना
procurement (noun) – the action of procuring/purchasing something.खरीद
at the mercy of (phrase) – in the power of, under the control of, unprotected against, defenceless against.
safeguard (noun) – protection, shield, defence, safety measure.
land alienation (noun) – the transfer of land property, as by conveyance or will, into the ownership of another.अलगाव की भावना
contract farming (noun) – contract farming can be defined as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms for the production and supply of agricultural products under forward agreements, frequently at predetermined prices.
state-run (adjective) – managed/regulated by the state government.
mandi system (noun) – the mandi is basically a market place where farmers sell their produce to the buyers through auction. It is operated as per the regulations of APMC. The auction is facilitated by the commission agents/middlemen at the mandi, who hold license and are allotted a shop in the market.
footing (noun) – support, basis.आधार
बराबरी--equalising
grievance (noun) – complaint, problem, objection/protest.
redress (verb) – remedy, compensation, reparation, restitution.निवारण करना
rather than (phrase) – instead of.
subsidise (verb/noun) – support, finance, contribute to, provide finance for. (it generally means “pay part of the cost of something, so that it is available at a lower price”).
power subsidy/energy subsidy (noun) – subsidy provided for the use of power/energy.
contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed.विवादास्पद
intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective, goal.
muddle (verb) – confuse, disorientate, mystify, bewilder.अव्यवस्थित
sustainable (adjective) – acceptable, reasonable, trustworthy, dependable (at a particular level/rate).
remunerative (adjective) – profitable.
with regard to (phrase) – in respect of, concerning, with reference to.
benchmark (noun) – standard, basis, criterion, guiding principle, norm.मानक
substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant, large.पर्याप्त
robust (adjective) – strong, powerful.मजबूत
mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique.
incentive (adjective) – motivating, encouraging.
नए सिरे--
reworkingin order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of.
account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, represent.
dietary (noun) – relating to diet.
by no means (phrase) – not at all, in no way, certainly not.
hostility (noun) – opposition, resentment, enmity, aversion, antipathy.
| शत्रुता, विरोध, |
pervasive (adjective) – common, general, widespread, prevalent, ubiquitous, omnipresent.व्यापक
acquisition (noun) – the act of obtaining or acquiring something.
thrust (noun) – force, drive, momentum, push, pressure.जोर
industrialisation (noun) – the extensive development of industries in a region, country, culture, etc.
vulnerability (noun) – weakness/defencelessness, frailty, unprotectedness, susceptibility.आलोचनीयता
abrupt (adjective) – sudden, immediate, unexpected, hasty.अचानक
bring in (phrasal verb) – introduce, cause, bring about, create.
aggravate (verb) – make worse, worsen, exacerbate, compound, increase/intensify.बहुत बिगड़
combative (adjective) – aggressive, belligerent, hostile, bellicose.जुझारू
attitude (noun) – approach.
food security (noun) – food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
strive (verb) – try, attempt, make every effort.प्रयास करते हैं
address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with.
7 DEC 2020
Culture and peace: On India’s stand against ‘UN’s selectivity on religions’
India’s stand against ‘UN’s selectivity on religions’ gains force from its secularism
In a strong statement at the UN General Assembly discussing resolutions of the UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) on the ‘Culture of Peace’, India criticised the world body for what it called “selectivity” in seeking to protect Abrahamic religions — Islam, Christianity and Judaism — over others. The Indian delegate pointed out that previous resolutions of the UNAOC dating back to 2006 had repeatedly decried the hatred against those religions — “Islamophobia, Christianophobia and anti-Semitism” — but didn’t condemn attacks on other religious groups including Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists, who have suffered terror strikes and seen their shrines destroyed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In particular, India said, the UNGA statement welcomed the Kartarpur Gurdwara corridor agreement between India and Pakistan, but failed to note that Pakistan’s government has taken over the management of the Sikh shrine, which it called a contravention of the agreement and a violation of Sikh beliefs. India’s delegate also accused Pakistan of a “culture of hatred” against “religions in India” and fostering cross-border terrorism and said a culture of peace cannot exist until that is changed. Above all, the Indian statement said, the UN’s selectivity under the aegis of the UNAOC, an organisation that was set up in 2005 to prevent polarisation between societies and cultures and to bridge differences between them, only serves to further the theory of an inevitable “clash of civilisations” instead.
India’s concerns over the UN resolutions that portray only three religions as victims of religious hatred are completely valid, and it is important that they are broadened to include every community that faces religion-based violence. It is also important that the government thwarts Pakistan’s particularly insidious attempts to create a controversy against India at this time, by pushing these resolutions as India steps to take its two-year seat at the UN Security Council. New Delhi has been concerned by an increase in intrusive language from the UN bodies concerned as well, given that UNAOC issued a statement of “grave concern” over the Delhi riots in February this year that it said resulted in casualties of “mostly Muslims”. India is keen to push back on the UNAOC and other UN arms, like the UN Human Rights Council, that have criticised the Citizenship (Amendment) Act. As it seeks to do all of this, however, the government must be careful about ensuring that in exposing the UN’s “selectivity” it doesn’t open a flank for a counter-charge against India. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, for example, has been criticised for offering fast-track citizenship to only a select group of religions, leaving out Muslims. India cannot call for a culture of peace that stitches together an alliance of faiths, while Indian States bring laws that seek to make difficult inter-faith marriages. In the larger analysis, the force of India’s argument against the UN’s selective resolutions and non-inclusive language as well as the international efforts of adversaries such as Pakistan remains its own secular credentials enshrined in the Constitution and its pluralistic ethos.
stand (noun) – attitude, point of view, opinion, standpoint.
selectivity (noun) – the process of purposefully selecting someone/something (and not others); discernment, judgement, perception.
gain force (phrase) – to get stronger.
secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong influence in education or other public parts of society.
civilization (noun) – culture, enlightenment, way of life.
UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) (noun) – The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) was established in 2005, as the political initiative of Mr. Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary-General and co-sponsored by the Governments of Spain and Turkey. It aims to bridge divides, and promote harmony among the nations, all with a view toward preventing conflict and promoting social cohesion. It was set up to prevent polarisation between societies and cultures and to bridge differences between them.
seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt.
Abrahamic (adjective) – relating to 3 religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) that revere Abraham, the Biblical patriarch.
Judaism (noun) – the religion of the Jewish people (based on monotheism-the belief that there is only one God).
delegate (noun) – a member/representative of a committee.प्रतिनिधि
point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to.
decry (verb) – denounce, condemn, criticize.निंदा
hatred (noun) – hate, hostility, resentment, dislike/bitterness.
islamophobia (noun) – the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force.
Christianophobia (noun) – the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against, the Christianity or Christians generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force.
anti-Semitism (noun) – hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate.
strike (verb) – attack.
shrine (noun) – holy place, temple & etc.धार्मिक स्थलों
Kartarpur Corridor Agreement (noun) – An Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the facilitation of Pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Narowal, Pakistan, was signed on 24 October 2019 in order to fulfil the long-standing demand of the pilgrims to have easy and smooth access to the holy Gurudwara.
contravention (noun) – breach, violation, breaking, infringement, non-compliance.उल्लंघन
hatred (noun) – hate, dislike, hostility, aversion (intense one).
foster (verb) – encourage, promote, support.को बढ़ावा देने
cross-border (adjective) – across a border between two countries.
aegis (noun) – protection, support, backing, supervision, guidance of a person, group or organisation.
set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create.
polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs).
bridge (verb) – join, link, connect, unite.
difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding, dispute, argument.
further (verb) – promote, advance, develop.
inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable.अनिवार्य
portray (verb) – describe, depict, represent.
broaden (verb) – expand, enlarge, extend.
thwart (verb) – prevent, hamper/hinder, obstruct/block.नकाम बनाना
insidious (adjective) – tricky, subtle, deceptive, dishonest, indirect (with very harmful effects).कपटी
intrusive (adjective) – interrupting, unwanted, unwelcome; invasive.दखल
given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.
grave (adjective) – crucial/critical, important/significant, serious.
grave concern--गंभीर चिंता का विषय
result in (verb) – cause, bring about, give rise to.
casualty (noun) – victim, loss, death, fatality.
keen (adjective) – eager, very interested, wanting (to do something).उत्सुक
push back (phrasal verb) – force back, repel, fight off.
UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (noun) – The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them. The Council is created on 15 March 2006 and it is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly. The Human Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal migrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014. Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility.
expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, disclose; denounce, condemn.
flank (noun) – border, boundary, limits, bounds.दिशा
countercharge (noun) – counter-accusation, counterattack, retaliation.
fast-track (adjective) – quick, fast, swift, speedy, overnight.
leave out (phrasal verb) – exclude, omit, miss out.
call for (phrasal verb) – require, request, publicly ask/necessitate, demand.
stitch together (verb) – join or connect or link (something) together.
alliance (noun) – relationship, affinity, association, connection.
faith (noun) – religion; religious belief, ideology, dogma.
inter-faith marriage (noun) – sometimes called a “mixed marriage”, is marriage between spouses having/professing/affirming faith in different religions. (spouse means a husband or wife).
non-inclusive (adjective) – not inclusive; excluding something.
adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, opponent.विरोधी
secular (adjective) – non-religious.
credentials (noun) – identities, qualities, aspects, history/past.साख
enshrine (verb) – to enclose in, preserve, treasure, protect (as valuable).प्रतिष्ठापित
pluralistic (adjective) – coexistent; (of people) exist in harmony irrespective of various differences.
ethos (noun) – spirit, character; morality, attitudes, beliefs, principles.प्रकृति
Tenuous tack: On RBI holding interest rates
The MPC’s policy of prioritising growth over price stability is clearly fraught with risks
Friday’s decision by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India to maintain status quo on benchmark interest rates and continue with an accommodative policy stance for “as long as necessary” has been widely welcomed as being ‘pro-growth’. With the MPC noting that the signs of economic recovery were still far from broad-based, the panel asserted that it was incumbent on policymakers to support a durable rebound. The MPC also flagged its expectation that inflation would continue to “remain elevated” through the coming months to average 6.3% — well above the 6% upper bound of its target range — through the second half of the current fiscal. The RBI, which in October estimated retail inflation to range between 4.5% and 5.4% in the six-month period, has in just two months raised its projection for price gains by at least close to one percentage point. Seen in this light, the MPC’s decision shows that the RBI is clearly prioritising growth over price stability for now. While the compulsion to ensure that monetary policy remains broadly supportive of an economy that is in recession as a fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying lockdowns is understandable, the rate setting panel’s readiness to shrug off both persistently high inflation and its own outlook on prices is cause for concern.
Recent increases in the prices of iron ore, steel and transportation fuels also add to the worries that cost pressures are continuing to accumulate at a time when the economy is still well under water. The RBI has also, surprisingly, raised its GDP forecast for the full year. The central bank now expects the economy to shrink by only 7.5% in the 12 months ending in March, a full 2 percentage points shallower than the 9.5% contraction it had projected in October. The forecast is predicated on a return to growth of 0.1% in Q3 and 0.7% in Q4. It is this ostensibly sanguine outlook on the economy that is hard to square with the RBI’s stand according primacy to growth over price stability. With the central bank prognosticating that, save some possible continued softening in the prices of cereals and transient easing of vegetable costs through the winter, other food prices would persistently remain at elevated levels, the MPC’s policy approach is clearly fraught with risks. By laying the onus on supply disruptions, profiteering and taxes for the inflation spiral, the RBI is abdicating its primary mandate.
Tenuous--तुच्छ,हल्का--
tack--नीति
MPC--मौद्रिक नीति समिति--Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
prioritising--प्राथमिकता
fraught--भरा हुआ
accommodative--उदार
as long as--जब तक
noting --ध्यान देने योग्य बात
asserted--इस बात पर जोर
incumbent--निर्भर--
rebound--प्रतिक्षेप
elevated--ऊपर उठाया
बढ़ा हुआ--remain elevated
bound--सीमित
raised--उठाया
compulsion--मजबूरी, अनिवार्यता,
recession--मंदी--
fallout-उतार
accompanying--साथ में--
shrug--कंधे उचकाने की क्रिया
persistently--लगातार
accumulate--जमा करना, ढेर लगाना
forecast--पूर्वानुमान
shrink--हटना
contraction--सिकुड़न,दबाव
ostensibly--जाहिरा तौर पर
sanguine--आशावादी
primacy--प्रधानता---
prognosticating--भविष्यद्वाणी करना
cereals--अनाज
transient--क्षणिक, अस्थायी,
laying--बिछाने
onus--दायित्व--
profiteering--मुनाफाखोरी,सट्टेबाज़ी
abdicating--त्याग
mandate--शासनादेश
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