summit (noun) – meeting, conference, conclave.
Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region.
interest (noun) – common concern; benefit, advantage.
broaden (verb) –चौड़ा करना-- widen, make wider, expand stretch/spread out.
geopolitical (adjective) – relating to (the study of) the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc.) in world politics and inter-state relations.
horizons (noun) –क्षितिज- a range of experience, outlook/perspective, scope, ambit, purview.
virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of a computer, especially over a network.
virtual summit (noun) – online meeting.
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD)/The Quad (noun) – an informal strategic forum between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that aims to strengthen the defence and security cooperation amongst these four countries. It was initially proposed by former Japan PM Abe in order to check China’s growing influence and assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
substance (noun) –पदार्थ-- significant subject, important matter/content, valid message.
symbolism (noun) –प्रतीकों-- representation of ideas/qualities.
counter (verb) –विरोध करना--answer, respond to, contradict, negate; oppose, resist, tackle, confront.
perception (noun) –अनुभव- understanding, thought, impression, feeling.
merely (adverb) – only, simply, just.
talk shop (phrase) – talk about one’s work or job even when you’re not at work; to talk about your work/job to the people you work with and no one else would be interested; (a place where discussion on work/job is the main activity, with no decisions or actions necessarily arising from the discussion).
vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
Joint Working Group (JWG) (noun) – a working group formed between one or more organizations.
climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth (Courtesy: NASA).
ambitious (adjective) – formidable, challenging, demanding; aspiring.
The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which interconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and more).
emission (noun) –उत्सर्जन-- the release of carbon into the atmosphere.
Paris Agreement/Accord/pact (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so.
(global) supply chain (noun) – a dynamic worldwide network when a company purchases or uses goods or services from overseas. It involves people, information, processes, and resources involved in the production, handling, and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the customer.
atmospherics (noun) – elements in something (e.g. music) which create a certain atmosphere.
free from (verb) – unaffected by, clear of, without, devoid of.
coercion (noun) – बलात्कार, दबाव, ज़बरदस्ती-- it means compelling an individual to act against his/her will by the use of psycological pressure or physical force causing bodily injury; force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation.
G-7 or Group of Seven (noun) – a multilateral forum made up of the world’s seven largest so-called developed countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. They meet annually to discuss and exchange ideas on a broad range of issues, including global economy, security and energy.
push (noun) – effort to do something; initiative, drive, motivation.
engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement.
in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with.
reaffirm (verb) –साबित करना-- assert, state, assure again strongly.
alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership.
take on (phrasal verb) – compete against, oppose, challenge, confront.
growing (adjective) – increasing.
due to (phrase) – की वजह से--because of, owing to, on account of.
maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea.
tension (noun) –strained relations, friction, antipathy, hostility, enmity.
keen (adjective) –उत्सुक-- eager, very interested, wanting (to do something).
strategic (adjective) – relating to achieving long-term or overall (military) goals.
tense (noun) – stressful, worrying, concerning, strained, worrisome, difficult, restless.
Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).
pharmaceutical (adjective) – relating to aspects like preparation, dispensing and effective utilization of the medicinal drugs.
prowess (noun) –साहस, वीरता, दिलेरी--ability, capability, capacity.
avenue (noun) – way, method, direction, approach.
infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for something (to function properly).
portray (verb) –तसवीर बनाना-- represent, depict, characterize, describe.
throw down the gauntlet (phrase) – challenge, confront, dare.
diplomat (noun) – ambassador, envoy, emissary, consul.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (noun) – a proposed agreement between the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its free trade agreement (FTA) partners. The pact aims to cover trade in goods and services, intellectual property, etc.
kick in (phrasal verb) – come into operation, come into effect.
given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.
ties (noun) – bond, connection, association, relationship.
sensitivity (noun) –संवेदनशीलता-- consideration, care, thoughtfulness, tact, diplomacy, delicacy, subtlety.
ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring, unending, unceasing, relentless.
disengagement (noun) –मुक्ति-- withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict).
multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations.
BRICS countries (plural noun) – the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) (noun) – The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China). The SCO currently comprises eight Member States (China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and is seen as a counterweight to NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization). It was established as a multilateral association to ensure security and maintain stability across the vast Eurasian region, join forces to counteract emerging challenges and threats, and enhance trade, as well as cultural and humanitarian cooperation.
global good (noun) – the benefit or well-being of the people of the entire world.
rather than (phrase) – instead of.
militaristic (adjective) –सैन्यवादी-- warmongering, warlike, hawkish, combative.
have another string to one’s bow (phrase) – have another resource that one can use.
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gauntlet
coalition
Salutary --लाभदायक--Profitable,Variable,changeful
volatile --परिवर्तनशील
quinquennial --पाँच वर्ष का समय---Five year time
ceaseless --लगातार--Constant
vigil -रात की प्रार्थना--Night prayer
attributable --कारण--cause--reason
prognostication--भविष्यवाणी--Prediction
edible --खाद्य--Food
borne -जनित--Generated
persisted --मौजूदा--existing, current,
disconcertingly --अनादरपूर्वक--Disrespectfully
offset -- छिपाना--to conceal
waned --कम हो,उतरना, घटना
quickening --जल्दी करना--hasten, hurry, rush
worrisome ---चिंताजनक--serious
freight carriage,--माल ढुलाई
hovering -मँडरा
surged ---बढ़ी--Enhanced,Soar
cogently --सावधानी --Caution,Alert
persisting--निरंतर आ रही है--Constantly coming
purported --कथित-Said
perilous-- जोखिम--The risk
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doom --कयामत
hinder--बाधा पहुंचाना
Massive: large and heavy or solid.
Puny: small and weak.
Puny--नन्हा
Humongous: huge; enormous.
Humongous--विशालकाय
Lure--चारा
Grammar--When we are dealing with a number we must use 'fewer' and when we are dealing with 'quantity' we must use 'less.'
पूर्वकथित--aforementioned, said, above-mentioned
कोहरा--mist, Kohra
reclaimed--पुन: दावा
engulfed--घिरा हुआ
थकाऊ--exhausting, tiresome, tiring
Daisy-गुलबहार
ठहरना--stay, snuggle, stop,
aback--अचंभे
क्रोधित करना--infuriate, Enrage
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